Game Theory and Oligopoly Fall - 2627 Words

Econ 101: Principles of Microeconomics Chapter 15 - Oligopoly Fall 2010 Herriges (ISU) Ch. 15 Oligopoly Fall 2010 1 / 25 Outline 1 Understanding Oligopolies 2 Game Theory The Prisoner’s Dilemma Overcoming the Prisoner’s Dilemma 3 Antitrust Policy Herriges (ISU) Ch. 15 Oligopoly Fall 2010 2 / 25 The Oligopoly Monopolies are quiet rare, in part due to regulatory eï ¬â‚¬orts to discourage them. However, there are many markets that are dominated by a relatively few ï ¬ rms, known as oligopolies. The term oligopoly comes from two Greek words: oligoi meaning â€Å"few† and poleein meaning â€Å"to sell†. Examples of oligopolies include: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Airliner Manufacturing: Boeing and Airbus Food†¦show more content†¦Eï ¬â‚¬orts to model such strategic interactions has led to a whole branch of economics and math known as game theory Herriges (ISU) Ch. 15 Oligopoly Fall 2010 8 / 25 Understanding Oligopolies The Duopoly In order to understand some of the possible behaviors in the case of oligopolies, consider the simplest case - the duopoly (i.e., two ï ¬ rms). Think, for example, of the airliner industry, which is dominated by two ï ¬ rms (Boeing and Airbus). Suppose that the demand for airliners in any given month is given by Price ($mill.) 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0 Herriges (ISU) Quantity Demanded 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total Revenue TR = P Ãâ€" Q 0 3.50 6.00 7.50 8.00 7.50 6.00 3.50 0 Ch. 15 Oligopoly Marginal Revenue MR = ∆TR/∆Q 3.50 2.50 1.50 0.50 -0.50 -1.50 -2.50 -3.50 Fall 2010 9 / 25 If MC=1.75, how much would a monopoly produce? Q=2 Understanding Oligopolies The Collusion Outcome One alternative in the case of a duopoly would be for the two ï ¬ rms to form a cartel A cartel is an agreement among several producers to obey output restrictions in order to increase their joint proï ¬ t. Essentially, the cartel acts like a monopolist and simply divides the market among members of the cartel. The most famous example of this is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) OPEC was formed in 1960’s in response to quotas instituted by PresidentShow MoreRelatedMarket Strategy Case Study: Katrinas Candies1665 Words   |  7 PagesKatrinas Candies would be successful operating in an Oligopolistic Structure. Oligopoly is a market structure characterized by a small number of relatively large firms that dominate an industry. The market can be dominated by as few as two firms or as many as twenty, and still be considered oligopoly. With fewer than two firms, the industry is monopoly. As the number of firms increase (but with no exact number) oligopol y becomes monopolistic competition. Because an oligopolistic firm is relativelyRead MoreFirms Incentives to Avoid Price Competition in Oligopoly Markets520 Words   |  3 PagesFirms Incentives to Avoid Price Competition in Oligopoly Markets In the UK a few, large firms dominate most industries. These industries are known as oligopoly markets. Oligopoly markets are an example of imperfect competition. It consists of a market structure in which there is a small number of large firms in the industry hence is relatively highly concentrated. Barriers to entry and exit are also likely to exist. In oligopoly markets there is product differentiationRead MoreMarket Structure of Oligopoly 1755 Words   |  8 PagesStructure Of The Market Structure Of Oligopoly And The Difficulty In Predicting Output And Profits Market structure of oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few firms producing all or most of the market supply of a particular good or service and whose decisions about the industrys output can affect competitors. Examples of oligopolistic structures are supermarket, banking industry and pharmaceutical industry. The characteristics of the oligopoly are: • Small number of large firmsRead MoreOligopoly Market Structure2237 Words   |  9 PagesOligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure in which the number of sellers is small. Oligopoly requires strategic thinking, unlike perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. †¢ Under perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition, a seller faces a well defined demand curve for its output, and should choose the quantity where MR=MC. The seller does not worry about how other sellers will react, because either the seller is negligibly small, or already a monopoly. Under oligopolyRead MoreGame Theory : The Competitive Edge Of Business, Politics, And Everyday Life By Dixit And Nalebuff Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesGame Theory states that most anything and everything can be thought of as a game. People can use it to strategize on voting, deciding on what articles or coupons to release, or even deciding whether or not, it is in your best interest to rat out som eone else if both parties are being questioned by the police. There are many companies that use this in order to decide how they are going to operate. The book Thinking Strategically: The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life by DixitRead MoreQuestions on Oligopoly19013 Words   |  77 PagesChapter 16 Oligopoly MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Markets with only a few sellers, each offering a product similar or identical to the others, are typically referred to as a. competitive markets. b. monopoly markets. c. monopolistically competitive markets. d. oligopoly markets. ANSWER: d. oligopoly markets. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 2. An oligopoly is a market in which a. there are only a few sellers, each offering a product similar or identicalRead MoreTopic: Profit Maximization of a Firm.1326 Words   |  6 Pagesoperating under. As mentioned earlier, firms profit maximizing output decisions take into account the market structure under which they are operating. There are four kinds of market organizations: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Perfect Competition Perfect competition describes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product. For a market structure to be deemed â€Å"Perfectly Competitive†Read MoreMarketing Analysis : Perfect Competition2982 Words   |  12 Pagesregulating how they function and how they must operate in future. I will provide an adequate amount of information concerning perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. I will also discuss how each term is important to consumers and how it affects the market. Perfect Competition Perfect Competition is a theory of market structure based on four assumptions: there are many sellers and buyers, sellers sell a homogeneous good, buyers and sellers have all relevant information, entryRead MoreMarket Structures : Reynolds And Philip Morris1080 Words   |  5 PagesPhilip Morris Game theory allows business experts to examine decision-making in oligopolistic interdependent cases. Applying the game theory allows one to present the situation in a simple background by creating formalized models to analyze the possible results (Bhat and Rau, 2008). The outcomes may be cooperation (or collusion) and conflict (or competition), which will influence the oligopolistic company’s choice of best strategy if faced with such outcomes. Prisoner’s Dilemma game The prisoners’Read MoreMonopolistic Competition13794 Words   |  56 PagesCHAPTER 25 Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Topic Question numbers ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Monopolistic competition: definition; characteristics 1-17 2. Demand curve 18-24 3. Price-output behavior 25-78 4. Efficiency aspects 79-88 5. Oligopoly: definition; characteristics 89-112 6. Concentration ratio; Herfindahl Index 113-140 7. Game theory 141-156 8. Kinked-demand curve model 157-176

Global Warming a Global Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2913 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Introduction A famous scientist, Bill Nye, made a glaring statement: †Climate change is happening, humans are causing it, and I think this is perhaps the most serious environmental issue facing us† Climate change or global warming is a serious and undeniable issue that is plaguing the planet. Global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere usually connected to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Ten of the last thirteen years were the hottest on record. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming a Global Responsibility" essay for you Create order If the dangerous patterns of global warming continue to occur, environmental, economic, and health risks will increase. This dramatic increase in temperature is not only threatening wildlife and the environment, but also the lives of humans. Even though humans are negatively impacted by climate change, they are also the main contributors to it. The United States is the second leader in global warming pollution behind China and makes up about sixteen percent of all carbon dioxide emissions. Protecting the planet and the environment is an important value because it is home to all living things and nature plays a key role in human health and well being. Humans are the most powerful and dangerous inhabitants of this world and they have a duty to protect it. International governments must take immediate action against global warming and find alternative energy sources to reduce the negative effects of global warming on the planet. Protecting the planet and the environment is an important ideal that must be enforced and upheld. Human activities are greatly contributing to global warming as they release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are natural gases in the atmosphere that trap heat. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. The trapping of heat in Earth’s atmosphere is known as the greenhouse effect, and is necessary to support life. However, an excess amount of these gases in the atmosphere, such as what is currently occurring, can cause a great deal of harm. According to National Geographic, deforestation is also another cause of global warming, and as more humans cut down trees for construction and agricultural purposes, more carbon dioxide is being released into the air since trees absorb greenhouse gases. Research has proven that â€Å"one days deforestation is equivalent to the carbon footprint of eight million people flying to New York.† (Global Warming). As more trees and forests are being cut down for human benefit , more greenhouse gases are entering the atmosphere and fueling global warming. The effects of global warming are very grave and cause serious problems for present and future generations. These effects don’t only impact animals and plants and their environments, but humans as well. Global warming triggers droughts and heat waves as temperatures climb. These periods of dryness and heat can lead to wildfires, like the ones we have been experiencing in California, that are leading to mass destruction and ruining the homes of many humans and animals. Global warming can also cause a rise of sea level in the ocean. Evidence has shown that as â€Å" air and water temperatures rise, ice caps and glaciers will melt, causing sea level to rise as well† (Global Warming). As more and more ice caps and glaciers melt due to higher temperatures, the water is seeping into the oceans and causing the sea level rise, which could lead to more floods in coastal areas. Many plants and animals could also go extinct as a result of climate change since many species cannot handle and adapt to these changes. This would result in a loss of biodiversity, which is a serious price to pay for the burning of fossil fuels and human induced causes of global warming since plants and animals are such precious and necessary attributes to the planet. Another dire effect of global warming is the spreading of diseases since the warmer temperatures are more suitable for organisms like mosquitoes that carry viruses. According to Justin Gillis, a New York Times environmental reporter, â€Å"global warming is likely to increase the range and speed of the life cycle of the particular mosquitoes carrying these viruses, encouraging their spread deeper into temperate countries like the United States† (Gillis). Evidence has demonstrated that the warmer the temperature is the faster these mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects can develop from egg to adult and the faster they can â€Å"incubate viruses† (Monaghan). Global warming negatively impacts the planet and its inhabitants in a variety of ways that all inflict harm and danger. However, there are solutions that national governments can implement to help reduce the severity of these negative impacts on the planet. Coal is a very expensive source of power which many developing countries are struggling to obtain, so if wind energy prices kept on decreasing it would attract many consumers towards it and away from coal . Wind is also a very available and easily attainable element unlike carbon which must be excavated. This could save money in the future since it would eliminate the need to buy the tools needed to provide this coal or oil. Solar energy is an affordable and reliable energy source that can reduce the effects of global warming on the planet. Solar panels, also known as photovoltaics, take light energy from the sun and convert it to electricity: â€Å"PV [photovoltaic] ability to generate electricity while producing no atmospheric emissions or greenhouse gases marks it as a technology of choiceOver the course of a year, it saves about the same amount of carbon dioxide that a car emits during that period† (Glenn Hamer). This renewable energy source is very beneficial since it paves a way for a clean environment. Solar energy is one of the best alternatives to fossil fuels since the sun is a natural source of energy that can be exploited for the benefit of humans, while also protecting the planet from harmful carbon dioxide emissions. There is not an unlimited amount of coal in the environment, while the sun is always available and energy from it is extremely dependable and reliable. Excavating and extracting coal also requires a lot of man power, while solar panel manufacturing and maintenance does not exude the same level of work and destruction. Brown claimed that â€Å"In industrial nations, most installations reduce the consumers dependence on grid-supplied electricity, much of it originating from coal. (Brown). This also supports that a transition to this renewable energy source will help decrease the detrimental effects of global warming since it removes the necessity and use of coal and natural gases which harms the atmosphere. Harming the atmosphere goes against human morals and values of protecting the environment and planet. If national governments implement a more strict policy to utilize solar energy, people will quickly become more accustomed to it and grow less dependent on coal to perform the same job that a clean energy source does. Providing tax benefits and credits on clean energy sources like solar energy will also encourage people to make the transition, if not for saving the environment then for saving more money. According to Glenn Hamer, the former executive director of the Solar Energy Industries Association, â€Å"A 2.5 kW system (enough to power a typical home) covers less than 400 square feet of rooftop† (Hamer). Solar energy is also very suitable because it provides clean and safe energy and does not take up much space. Many people may worry about the design of solar panels and the aesthetic since having a sheek, modern home is desired during this time period; but if it could help save the environment, a small amount of space on the roof is a small price to pay. People worry about the beauty of their homes, but the planet is also their home, and if measures are not taken to prevent its pollution, its beauty will be destroyed as well. Advances in technology are developing rapidly in this time p eriod, allowing for more ways that could be developed to modify the solar panels to make them more efficient, inexpensive, and desirable. Reducing the effects of global warming can also be easily accomplished by switching to hybrid cars, instead of cars that run on gasoline. Hybrid cars have a gasoline and an electric motor and conserve more gas than regular cars. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the combustion of fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline for transportation purposes is the second largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions (Overview of Greenhouse Gases). Driving cars with alternative sources of fuel that emit less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, like hybrid cars, will extremely protect the environment against global warming. Research has shown that â€Å"In the United States, if all motorists shifted to cars with hybrid engines, such as the Toyota Prius or the Honda Insight, gasoline use could be cut in half† (Brown). Hybrid cars have both a gasoline powered motor and an electric motor. This allows for a higher gas mileage than most other cars at around forty e ight to sixty miles per gallon. Although hybrid cars may cost more initially, the amount of money saved on gas will pay off in the end. Better transmissions and engines will immensely benefit the environment and if more and more people switch to hybrid cars, the carbon footprint that gasoline- powered cars leave on the planet will begin to diminish. The problem with hybrid cars is that people prefer to have cars that are more powerful and have a better and modern design. Although these desirable cars may look nice, they are very harmful to the planet and are contributing to the negative aspects of climate change. If national governments were to offer some sort of benefit or reward to the people that purchase hybrid cars, it may encourage more people to do so. If that tactic proves to be weak and inefficient, national government may have to look at a more forceful approach to implementing the use of hybrid cars instead of gasoline powered ones. Also, lowering the price of hybrid cars would make them more attainable and desirable Most families own more than one car, so if one of those cars was a hybrid, that would be a great start to making a full transition to these clean and environmentally friendly vehicles. Developed countries must bear the responsibility of taking the lead in reducing the effects of global warming and finding alternative energy sources. Developed and powerful countries like the United States and many European countries have the resources, technologies, and capabilities of making a monumental difference in preventing the planet from reaching an unrecoverable state with global warming. Curtis Doebbler, an international human rights lawyer declared, â€Å"Developed countries contribute very little to the enormous costs of mitigation and adaptation, and their representatives in climate talks refuse to extend and strengthen emissions limits, contrary to those of developing countries† (Doebbler). Even though they have the most power to make a change, these developed countries are the ones most resistant to performing the actions needed to fight global warming. To take it a step further, richer countries believe it is the responsibility of the developing countries to t ake action. Most developing countries are on board with the drastic changes needed to be made. Since these countries do not have as many resources, they will be the ones most harmed by global warming. Mass deforestation is also apparent in developing nations, as these countries must free space in order to build factories to produce the items that people in developed countries buy every day. As stated before, deforestation is a major contributor to carbon emissions since trees absorb the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and regulate the flow of water. Developing countries have already experienced loss of biodiversity, contamination, and the other negative effects of global warming, and taking on any more of the burden will place them in a condition that is much more dangerous than their current one. â€Å"There is a difference between the emissions of developing countries which are â€Å"survival† emissions and those of developed countries which are in the nature of â€Å"lifestyle† emissions† (Saran). The emissions of the developing countries are somewhat justified because they are for survival purposes and there is nothing else they can do while developing countries have other options and a healthy portion of their emissions are for selfish and unnecessary reasons. For this reasons, the core countries must take the burden of tremendously reducing their emissions and finding other energy sources that will reduce global warming and provide these solutions to developing countries. Developed countries who will have the least to lose must take action to save the people of their country and the countries that are not strong enough to take action. There are several cities and countries that have already taken steps to find alternative energy sources to improve the destructive outcomes of global warming. Portland, Oregon is a very environmentally friendly city and has taken many measures to utilize clean and safe energy sources. This green city was the first United States city to create a plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and has â€Å"aggressively pushed green building initiatives† (Green Cities). Portland also employs an effective transportation system of buses and many bike lanes to help keep cars off the road. In addition, â€Å"Portlanders recycle 63 percent of their waste, which is one of the highest rates in the U.S.†(Travel Portland). This demonstrates that it is possible to convert to more â€Å"green† ways that protect the environment, and try to eliminate as much of carbon emissions as possible. This way of life is accepted and encouraged by the population of Portland, and if this city can make such changes, so can the rest of American cities in order to make an immense difference. Another city that implements a clean way of life is Curitiba, Brazil. Mark Holston, a journalist on Latin American topics, proclaimed, â€Å"The success of the surface transportation system has taken thousands of personal vehicles off the street, reducing congestion and dramatically cutting air pollution† (Holston). Curitiba is the greenest city in Brazil, and has many parks that also serve as stormwater management facilities. Unlike Cubatao, Curitiba has an efficient transport system that plays a critical role in reducing the carbon emissions caused by the flood of cars on the streets. Reykjavik, Iceland is another example of a city that uses different methods to reach a healthy and safe condition. Investigations of the city’s energy sources demonstrated that â€Å"like the rest of the country, its heat and electricity come entirely from geothermal and hydropower sources and it’s determined to become fossil-fuel-free by 2050† (Green Cities). This illustrates that there are several places that have actually taken a stand against global warming and made a lasting change on their environment. It is possible to take these measures, hopefully, these cities will set an example and encourage others around the world, like the U.S., to also make a change. Many United States citizens believe that they are immune to the effects of global warming, but that is obviously not true. However, if America follows in the footsteps of these cities and countries and makes drastic changes, the destructive effects of global warming will lessen. Conclusion Admittedly, many people may argue that renewable energy sources, like solar energy, are not suitable solutions to global warming. Howard C. Hayden, the editor of The Energy Advocates, claims â€Å"Most people cannot afford to cover even part, let alone the entire south-facing roof with solar collectors† (Hayden). He argues that solar energy is too expensive and that many people will not be able to afford it, thus making it inaccessible and a poor alternative to fossil fuels. Glenn Hamer provides a different viewpoint and declares, â€Å"As the industry has grown over the past 25 years, the cost of PV has declined by several orders of magnitude. The PV industry estimates that the system price paid by the end user will be $3-4 per watt in 2010† (Hamer). The price for solar panels has decreased over the years, and will continue to decrease in the future and be available to all countries. It is the responsibility of the developed countries to provide solar panels to those c ountries and people who cannot afford it, or to lower the overall cost of solar panels. In the end, solar and wind energy prove to be cleaner and safer than fossil fuels and the price to pay for these renewable energy sources is much less than the price of the harmful consequences of global warming. Protecting the planet is a value and a mission that must be upheld and carried out, and if not, the duty as humans and civilians living on this planet will not be executed. Rich, developed countries must take responsibility and respond to global warming before it reaches a level where it can no longer be fixed. Countries must work together to find ways to target all aspects contributing to global warming and use the advanced technology that continues to be modified today to eliminate these harmful factors. Each individual can play a part in fighting the threatening conditions of global warming. Their roles can be as small as switching to reusable water bottles instead of plastic ones, using CFL or LED light bulbs instead of traditional incandescent ones, and using public transportation systems. If no action is taken, the problem will continue to progress and become even more severe, endangering future generations.

Childhood Obesity A Rising Disease - 756 Words

The occurrence of childhood obesity has become a huge public health concern in the past few decades although it may not be as widely noticed such as cancer and other diseases like heart and lung disease. Obesity is a disease. This disease is associated with other health issues such as high blood pressure, diabetes and mental health complications (CDC, 2013). There is a great need for implementation of low-fat, low-sugar, and portion-controlled options available to all children and adolescents at home and school. It is best to teach them early in hopes that they will continue to make healthy eating choices throughout their future. Healthier eating choices will not only have a long lasting effect on their health but also the health and economy of the general public. When a person eats healthier, it is more likely that they will have less health issues in the future in turn lowering healthcare costs and reliance on insurance and public health programs. As a community and country, actio n needs to be taken now to protect our children and our future. Background and Context It is important to change attitudes, knowledge, and practices to achieve the best benefits of new programs. Community programs often start at the local schools to reach out to the children who are more likely to be impressionable and willing to accept these changes (Sunderland, N., Beekhuyzen, J., Kendall, E., Wolski, M., 2013). There are many different ways to confront obesity in children. Controlling theShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Weighty Problem900 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Weighty Problem In this day and age, people are living longer thanks to various factors. For example, evidence-based practices guide healthcare providers in delivering safe, effective health care. Additionally, technological inventions have increased the ability of healthcare providers to provide care that helps both quality and quantity of life. However, this technology has also had an unintended side effect - generations of children who are more comfortable playing videoRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Argentina, Argentina1586 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood Obesity in Buenos Aires, Argentina Malaijah D. Thompson University of California, Los Angeles Childhood Obesity in Buenos Aires, Argentina There are many indicators of poverty. One indicator of poverty is obesity; it mostly affects families in low socioeconomic levels. Obesity has become an epidemic rising across the globe. Recently, childhood obesity is becoming a prevailing problem in the urban areas in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Argentina’s rates are rising at a levelRead MoreChildhood Obesity Analysis1473 Words   |  6 PagesParents Child Caretakers Obesity in America is literally a growing problem, affecting every age group. Children are the most venerable group because they have no control over where they have dinner or how often they have fast food. Parents and guardians make decisions about food and are responsible for the health of children. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the last twenty years. This is concerning because Type Two diabetes is a horrible, crippling disease that is affecting childrenRead MoreEssay on Executive Summary985 Words   |  4 PagesIt is a well-known fact that obesity continues to burden the healthcare industry. According to the reports made by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2012), medical costs associated with obesity were estimated at $147 billion in 2008. Presently in the United States, two-thirds of adult population and approximately one in three children are fighting issue of being overweight or obese (Troy, Capretta, O’Grady, 2012). Obesity leads to chr onic health diseases such as diabetes, hypertensionRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Major Health Issue1731 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Childhood obesity is a major health issue nationwide and globally. This has been going on for many years and childhood obesity has increased tremendously. The main problem is the difference between calorie ingestion and calories consumed. Other influences (hereditary, developmental, and environmental) can also affect obese children. Physical, emotional, and public health issues causes pain and suffering for many children. The process of obesity growth is not completely understoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesFight to End Obesity Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and can be diagnosed by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. The existenceRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered obese† (Mahshid Dehghan). Childhood obesity continues to increase every year. Childhood obesity has a lot of causes centering on an imbalance of energy taken in and the amount of energy used. Factors of childhood obesity include children having obese parents; low energy expenditure which is a low amount of physical activity is a factor and too much television which is a cause for low physical activity time. Another factor that influences childhood obesity is heredity. Infants born to overweightRead MoreLowering The Rising Rates Of Obesity884 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to stop the rising rates of obesity, there has to be some steps taken to ensure that parents are educated about such programs that will teach them about the effects of different foods and what is actually considered healthy for young children to eat. Sarah Barlow and the Expert Committee (2007) state that the parents being the primary caregivers should track unhealthy eating habits and assess the medical risks in children when children are consuming unhealthy foods. Many of the junk foodsRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children s Children1384 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Effects of Obesity in Children â€Å"From small fries to BIG MAC’s† America, home of the brave, land of the free and plagued with obesity. For many years this country has fallen victim to obesity and the many effects that it has as a direct result. America has become the fattest nation in the world even though it is more advanced than most countries. We as Americans tend to consume whatever we want whenever we want and this has begun to affect our future. The children of America haveRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Health, Health And Well Being Of Our Population Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pagesthe final stages of life nutrition plays a vital role in the life a person. Poor nutrition can be caused by over indulgence or deprivation of essential nutrients and can lead to a decreased immune system which increases susceptibly to other diseases, obesity, poor wound healing and decrease in essential development in young ages. Nutrition is an important aspect in the health and well-being of our population. Educating the public on the effects on health of poor nutrition is key in preventing the

Essay on Following in the Ways of Zen Buddhism - 1396 Words

Following in the Ways of Zen Buddhism I fell in love with the first Buddhist I ever met. That is to say I fell in love with a man who is a Buddhist. I, however, am not a Buddhist. I have faith in what I find to be right rather than committing to a religion that I would not wholeheartedly believe in. It would seem that a difference in our spiritual practices may be a strain on our relationship, but in truth our faith lies in similar areas. The biggest difference between us is that I lack the knowledge and self discipline to be a practicing Buddhist. In loving Matthew I also want to gain understanding in what it is he believes. I have read through several texts in passing and find Buddhism more appealing as I continue to†¦show more content†¦An organization of Buddhists that maintain the website Buddhaweb hold these teachings as the core concepts of Zen Buddhism. The Four Noble Truths state that suffering exists, suffering arises from attachment to desires, suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases, and fr eedom from suffering is possible by practicing the Eightfold Path. The Noble Eightfold Path teaches three disciplines in wisdom, morality, and meditation. Wisdom, or panna , is learning to have the right view and thoughts. Morality, or sila , teaches to control your speech correctly, act correctly, and pursue a correct livelihood. Meditation, or samadhi , has you discipline your efforts, your mindfulness, and your contemplation. These teachings in qualities are meant to be practiced to obtain peace, and for some to travel the path towards Enlightenment. (â€Å" buddhaweb †) Its all well and good to explain Zen Buddhist doctrine, but Zen is a much more abstract idea. A British researcher and Buddhist, Christmas Humphreys, says it is hard to relate Zen within time and space also, â€Å"[f]or Zen is not a new thing but a new way of looking at things. It is a new vision with the old eyes.† (Humphreys 99) Zen is best seen through the actions of those who practice for those who wish to gain a basic understanding, and Matthew is my nearest and dearest example of a practicing Buddhist. Matt performs best in his acts of compassion. Compassion is important in Buddhism because itShow MoreRelatedBuddhism : Buddhism And Buddhism1009 Words   |  5 Pages Zen Buddhism isn’t exactly a â€Å"religion†, but a way of living. It creates peace within the human mind that allows one to grow, develop and look at the world more positively. Originating in China in 650 C.E., Zen Buddhism is a combination between Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Mahayana Buddhism promotes bodhisattva, which is practicing the way of life in the direction of Buddha. Taoism is a religion developed by Lao-tzu, a Taoist philosopher, and focuses on obtaining long life and good fortuneRead MoreWhat Does Eastern Religions Mean For Americans?1397 Words   |  6 PagesReligions mean to Americans?† Starting in the 19th century, Buddhism began to make its way to America through the immigration of the Chinese whom brought their religious traditions with them. Buddhism con tinued to gain popularity in America when Buddhist texts, as well as Buddhist teachers, were brought here to share and spread their religion. It wasn’t until the late 1950’s/early 1960’s that we see the interest in Buddhism, particularly Zen Buddhism, blossom throughout the country. Through the memoir â€Å"SacredRead MoreCompare And Contrast : Dogen And Hakuin1419 Words   |  6 PagesBelanger GC2Y Sec 06 May 4, 2016 Final essay: Dogen and Hakuin Compare and Contrast There are multiple schools in Zen Buddhism as well as multiple masters and teachers. Dogen Kigen, master of Soto Zen (1200-1253), as well as the Japanese monk who brought Caodong school of Chan over from China to Japan and then greatly modified it based on his own insights and criticism of Buddhism in Japan. Dogen lost his parents at a young age and became ordained at thirteen, and then became student of Eisai’sRead MoreBuddhism s Teachings On Zen Buddhism1591 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, differs depending on the perspective from which one views Buddhism. Dogen, in his teachings on Zen Buddhism, promotes the practice of zazen to reach enlightenment. Shinran and the Pure Land sect are devoted to Amida Buddha, who they believe will bring them to the Pure Land, and enlightenment. The ways espoused by Dogen and Shinran are similar in some aspects, but differing enough in others to warrant the separate sects of Buddhism in Japan. For the purposes of this examination, the two sec tsRead MoreThe Influence of Buddhism in Chinese Martial Arts Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesGutowski 1 BrandonGutowski Carrie Morris Narration of Asia 30 January 2012 The Influence of Buddhism In Chinese Martial Arts Since first introduced During the Han Dynasty, Buddhism has played a major role in Chinese art and culture. This is especially true in the traditions that surround the art of Shaolin Kung-Fu, and their strong belief in Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Kung-Fu was Influenced by the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama and focuses heavily on the belief that enlightenment is attained throughRead MoreThe Spread of Buddhism Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesSpread of Buddhism Buddhism is a philosophy, a moral code, and, for some a religious faith which originated in 530 BC in India. Buddhism evolved as a modification of Hinduism when Hinduism started to become very complicated due to too many sacrifices in the name of God. Today, an estimated 300 million people follow one of the many varieties of Buddhism. Budda, or Siddhartha Guatama which means the awakened one had the religion named after him because he founded the ideas behind Buddhism. BuddaRead MoreThe Common Themes Of Zen Buddhism1429 Words   |  6 PagesZen Buddhism can be fairly confusing to the average person; the teachings and stories may come across as arbitrary or nonsensical. However, do not let that deter you from getting to experience a religion that offers a highly different perspective of the world. The focus will be on analyzing some of the common themes of Zen Buddhism which is comprised in the â€Å"Zen Slogan† (associated with the First Patriarch). The phrase is: â€Å"a special transmission outside of the teachings not established upon wordsRead MoreEssay about The Inversion of Buddhism in Heart of Darkness1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Inversion of Buddhism in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, Marlow is described more than once as sitting in the pose of a Buddha while he begins his story. Even our first view of Marlow prepares us for the later comparison: Marlow sat cross-legged... He had sunken cheeks, a yellow complexion, a strait back, an ascetic aspect, and, with his arms dropped, the palms of hands outwards, resembled an idol (16). This is the very image of a meditating Buddha. OurRead MoreSummarise The Life Of Buddha And The History Of Buddhism937 Words   |  4 Pages1. Summarize the life of Buddha and the history of Buddhism. To summarize the life of Buddha I tried doing a little more research myself. There is not a complete biography on him. Not until centuries after his death and that is still very little. We know that he was born Siddhartha Gautama in Lumbini near the present Indian-Nepal border. We know that he was the son of a ruler of a petty kingdom. He was raised a young prince who was raised in sheltered luxury. When he turned 29 he saw how emptyRead More Buddhism Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand India this is everyday life as a Buddhist. Buddhism revolves around a strict code of daily rituals and meditations. To an outsider they can seem mystical or even odd, but these are the paths to enlightenment and spiritual salvation. Throughout the centuries, Buddhism has evolved into a major religion in Asia and other parts of the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The mystical roots of Buddhism can be traced back to the first century BCE. Buddhism began with the birth of Siddhartha Gautama. When

Cigarettes Free Essays

This, perhaps, is the most and only logical reasoning behind the lasting Of the cigarette industry. However as the product develops and more information is exposed to the public, calls to end the public distribution of cigarettes have grown louder and spread into the world of politics more and more prominently (Strobe). In order to help improve the health of people and to abide by moral standards, cigarettes should be legalized. We will write a custom essay sample on Cigarettes or any similar topic only for you Order Now When cigarettes were first introduced, they became extremely popular, primarily due to the addictive traits of the chemicals in the smoke. However, his had been a time before further research revealed an astounding number of other harmful chemicals within each cigarette, including components found in rat poison and house cleaning agents. Furthermore, not many had known of the existence of tar and nicotine, which cigarettes are known to create and contain a lot of, respectively. Tar build up is now commonly known to be a leading cause of health problems in cigarette users, and nicotine is known as the addictive, artery-sealing leading component in cigarettes. Even further than the harm being done to smokers, second-hand smoke is also an absurdly active health problem. The effects of second hand smoke are exemplified by the fact that the damage done by this source IS done to non- smokers, punishing those who chose not to use cigarettes. Banning cigarette use will undoubtedly increase the overall health of the American people, even if the former smokers believe they are suffering. Another point to be observed in the existence of cigarettes as a commercial product is the moral aspect of it. Tobacco companies are completely aware of all the health risks imposed on smokers, yet they merely see their customers as income. Tobacco companies intentionally use extremely toxic chemicals simply to increase the addictive qualities of their product, completely disregarding the value of human life for the value of their economic sustainability. Advertising by tobacco companies are also morally wrong, as recently it has been observed that certain advertisements are meant to target younger groups. This is meant as a marketing strategy, as getting younger customers â€Å"hooked† means a longer lasting stream of income from a large group of individuals. This is yet another example of the inhumanity displayed y tobacco companies. While their industry is not the only example of a disregard for human health for economics, it is definitely one of the more prominent in today’s society. To take one step in a positive direction to address the â€Å"risk anything for the economy† attitude, cigarettes should be legalized. The one positive that may have resulted in the formation of cigarettes is that the economy does, in some portion, rely on these large industries for a source of international wealth. However, the economy should not take a front seat over the well-being of the populations. Also, the existence of these massive commercial industries are restricting the legalization process of far more beneficial alternatives, such as cannabis, or marijuana. Because of the fear of losing revenue, tobacco companies have attempted for some time to prevent the legalization of marijuana, which is known to have several positive effects and very few negatives. The existence of tobacco corporations effectively prevents further processes to allow use of this beneficial plant, in addition to lowering the cost to arrest those that possess marijuana. Therefore, the one positive created by the existence of the tobacco industry has created even more negatives. Due to the overwhelming health detriments and lack of morality, cigarette use should indeed be banned. The existence of the tobacco industry has created a multitude of problems, including the closing of doors leading to brighter alternatives. This opinion is also spreading among the popular opinions of those in control of the media, further supporting the case that cigarettes are obviously poison, both literal and figurative. How to cite Cigarettes, Papers

Water Pollution free essay sample

Water Pollution Solutions Water pollution has been around ever since any of us can remember! What we need to look for now are water pollution solutions to help salvage our planet. So read on to know about some water pollution solutions Water pollution is a problem that isnt new to us. Water pollution has been around since time immemorial, though the severity of the problem has only recently struck environmentalists the world over.Although there are a lot of strict laws in the United States to protect clean water, unfortunately, these laws havent been followed up by adequate action. In fact, the problem is so grave that the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has declared 40% of lakes, streams and rivers unsafe for swimming and fishing. So now, along with prevention, there is a need to cure this problem as well. Given below are a few water pollution solutions that each one of us can implement in our own small way, because the fact is that, every drop makes an ocean. Because impervious surfaces (parking lots, roads, buildings, compacted soil) do not allow rain to infiltrate into the ground, more runoff is generated than in the undeveloped condition. This additional runoff can erode watercourses (streams and rivers) as well as cause flooding when the storm water collection system is overwhelmed by the additional flow. Because the water is flushed out of the watershed during the storm event, little infiltrates the soil, replenishes groundwater, or supplies stream baseflow in dry weather. Pollutants entering surface waters during precipitation events is termed polluted runoff. Daily human activities result in deposition of pollutants on roads, lawns, roofs, farm fields, etc. When it rains or there is irrigation, water runs off and ultimately makes its way to a river, lake, or the ocean. While there is some attenuation of these pollutants before entering the receiving waters, the quantity of human activity results in large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters. Water Pollution Management and Sustainment Plan My plan for water pollution management in the community is to develop an educational program of pollution control for the community. Hold community eetings to explain the need for water pollution management. Contact some specialist to come and speak at the community meetings. Hold educational water pollution seminars for the public and community leaders. Develop a time line for assessment of existing storm drain systems to determine need for replacement to eliminate seepage. Study peak rainfalls to determine reasonable peak flow runoff storage needs. Protect the water supply by using the proper amount of fertilizer for your lawn and garden. Over watering of your lawn can wash away fertilizer off your lawn and into storm drains, so be sure you are watering in short amounts throughout the day. Also make sure you are not overusing fertilizer. Rain can carry this fertilizer through town drainage systems and into a nearby lake. Also make sure that when you are doing other lawn work, such as mowing or raking leaves, that you properly dispose of the waste. Although washing a few leaves down the storm drain may seem harmless, these leaves as they decompose can add harmful chemicals to the water supply. Bag organic waste and dispose of it properly, or consider beginning a modest compost pile to use the waste as free organic fertilizer. Resist pouring paint, oil, or other chemicals down the drain in your sink. Not only can some of these chemicals harm your pipes, but they can also harm the water supply. Instead, dispose of these items using the instructions on the label. CONCLUSION Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a serious issue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. Challenges will consist of encouraging the government to enforce stronger laws against dumping. Encourage the community to become proactive about waste, and attending the community meeting. Encourage monitoring and conducting regular sites on a continuous basis.

Excises Tax on Alcohol - Absolute and Comparative Advantages

Question: Discuss about the Excises Tax on Alcohol, Absolute and Comparative Advantages. Answer: Introduction An excises tax on alcohol has been observed to reduce the number of binge drinkers in many economies. There is a high percentage of people especially the low-income earners who spend much of their income on alcohol. However, it is not effective in the achievement of this purpose. Argument Raising the tax on alcohol is not the best way to control the abuse of alcohol in the society. There are some better strategies that can be implemented to curb this situation. The reason being that when an additional tax is imposed on the producers or the sellers of alcohol, it adds to their production costs. Due to this addition, they are forced to raise alcohol prices by almost twice the increment in tax. When prices are raised by the producers, it enables them to raise high profits. The higher profit is generated at the cost of consumers paying high prices. This means that the whole burden of the tax increment is carried by the consumers. This leads to a loss in the social welfare. The abuse of alcohol means excessive drinking; some households consumes alcohol on a daily basis. To a person who is addicted to alcohol consumption, the additional tax will not have any influence on his demand. The price elasticity of his demand is low; he will consume the same quantity even with the high prices (Diaz, Chaloupka, Jernigan, 2015). Prices will have to be very high for it to induce such people to consume less. This will be achieved by sacrificing some other part of their income. The additional reduction in income contributes to people living at poverty levels. This money could otherwise be used in meeting some other needs of the households. This explains why there are some many children who fail to get sufficient education owing to irresponsible alcohol and drugs consumption by their parents or guardians. If the prices of legal alcohol is too high, most heavy drinkers will move to seeking satisfaction from illegal beer. The government would therefore not be able to raise the high intended tax and overconsumption will persist. The other negative effect of increased excises tax is that people will lose jobs as sellers cut some labor supply to lower their cost (Diaz, Chaloupka, Jernigan, 2015). Unemployment will be raised in the society. Stverak (2013) argued that the same way sugar is not taxed to cure diabetes, so cant alcohol be taxed to reduce its consumption. Conclusion The argument above confirms that additional tax on alcohol cannot reduce its abuse in the society. In fact, it is making the society worse off since there is a loss in the social welfare. The best strategy would be to create public awareness on the harmful effects of alcohol consumption accompanied by the government setting rules and regulations that limit the time that alcohol should be sold to the consumers. Any seller who is caught selling beyond or before the set limit should be fined dearly. The same case should also be applied to the consumers who are caught consuming alcohol at those off-limit hours, and also to those who loses control from excessive drinking. The households wont be able to stand the high fines and hence they will become more cautious when drinking. Part b Introduction Comparative and absolute advantage are terms used in international economics as an economic basis for trade (Prabhat, 2011). The arrival into a condition that incorporates each of these terms involves consideration of various aspects. Absolute advantage is a term used when fewer resources are used in the production of a good, while the comparative advantage is used when a lesser opportunity cost is used in the production of goods. These terms have some differences which will be discussed below. Differences Prabhat (2011) differentiated the two advantages by noting that, in absolute advantage, the trade isnt mutually beneficial, while it is in comparative advantage. Cost is the factor considered in determining the absolute advantage, while opportunity cost is the factor for the comparative advantage. A simple example can be used in the illustration of the difference between the comparative and the absolute advantage. Suppose there is a household who is employed and is a farmer. If he goes to work, his is paid $ 2000. However, he receives nothing if he doesnt report to work. On the other hand, this household is efficient in ploughing his farm; he only needs one day to plough his whole farm. Otherwise, he can hire someone at $ 500 to plough his land in two days. Thus, it can be concluded that the household has an absolute advantage in both reporting to work and in ploughing his farm. Nonetheless, he would still have to hire the ploughing service since, if he ploughed the farm himself, he would not earn the $ 2000 because he has to give up a day reporting to work. He would save the $ 500 he would have paid for the ploughing service, but lose $ 2000 for not reporting to work. He, therefore, would be $ 1500 worse off. The opportunity cost of the household for not reporting to work is $ 1500. This is because, if he reported to work and then hired the ploughing service, he would have net earnings of $ 1500. If the ploughing service is not hired, it will not earn the $ 500. However, it would have more time to plough other peoples farms. The ploughing service, therefore, has a comparative advantage over the household since its maximum opportunity cost of not being hired is only $ 500. Individuals and on international trade, voluntary exchange of goods and services is facilitated by the comparative advantage and not the absolute advantage (Sherman Hunt, 2008). While some individuals or countries in international trade may have an absolute advantage in everything, some other individuals or countries has a comparative advantage on some products and services (Lopus Willis, 2003). Trade is both present with both absolute and competitive advantage. An economy with an absolute advantage in several products may specialize in that which it has the highest advantage. On the other hand, a country with some comparative advantages can specialize in that with the highest advantage. This facilitates international trade. In fig A, both countries have an absolute advantage, country X in Good A and country Y in Good B. in fig B, both countries have a comparative advantage, country X in good A and country Y in good B. Conclusion Most countries absolute and comparative advantage differs in their production of specific goods and services. Due to this, these countries benefits from free trade with each other. Preserving of jobs is one of the specious grounds in which countries restrict free trade. The other factor is the issue of self-interested politicians. References Diaz, M., Chaloupka, F., Jernigan, D. (2015). The Effects of Alcohol Excise Tax Increases on Public Health and Safety in Texas. texansstandingtall.org. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://texansstandingtall.org/pdfs/15_Alcohol_ExciseReport.pdf Lopus, J. Willis, A. (2003). Economics in action. New York, N.Y.: National Council on Economic Education and Junior Achievement Japan. Prabhat, S. (2011). Difference between Absolute and Comparative Advantage. Difference Between. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.differencebetween.net/business/difference-between-absolute-and-comparative-advantage/. Sherman, H. Hunt, E. (2008). Economics. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Stverak, J. (2013). Taxes Are Not a Sober Response to Alcohol Abuse. US News World Report. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/09/18/alcohol-sin-taxes-are-bad-for-consumers-and-state-budgets